Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, covering about 110,900 km². Its landscape consists of coastal plains, rolling hills and mountain ranges such as the Sierra Maestra in the southeast. The country has a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, which has historically favoured plantation agriculture.
Before Spanish colonisation in the 16th century, Indigenous peoples such as the Taíno practised small-scale farming. Under Spanish rule, Cuba became one of the world’s most important sugar-producing colonies, based on large plantations. After independence in 1902, agriculture remained central to the economy, especially sugar cane production.
Today, the primary sector contributes around 4–5% of GDP, though it remains significant for employment and food supply. About 60% of Cuba’s land is used for agriculture.
Sugar cane has traditionally been the dominant crop and remains important, although its role has declined in recent decades. Other key crops include tobacco, coffee, citrus fruits and rice. Cuban tobacco is especially renowned and supports an important export industry.
Livestock farming includes cattle, pigs and poultry, mainly for domestic consumption.
Forests cover roughly 30% of Cuba’s territory, providing timber and environmental protection.
Cuba’s extensive coastline supports fisheries, including shrimp and reef fish. Marine resources are important for food supply and local economies.
Overall, Cuba’s primary sector reflects its tropical environment and historical plantation economy: sugar cane in lowlands, tobacco in specific regions, livestock farming and coastal fisheries. Although services and industry now play a larger role, agriculture, forestry and fishing remain essential for national food security and rural livelihoods.
In April 2012 Gerold drove for 7 days to a CIEC conference "Urban Agriculture" in Havana and St. Clara.