Mexico is one of the largest countries in North America, covering about 1.96 million km². Its landscape is extremely varied, ranging from arid deserts in the north to tropical rainforests in the south, as well as high plateaus and long coastlines along both the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The country is dominated by the Mexican Plateau and major mountain systems such as the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental. Mexico’s climate varies from desert and semi-arid in the north to temperate in the central highlands and tropical in the south, creating favourable conditions for diverse agricultural activities.
Before Spanish colonisation in the 16th century, advanced Indigenous civilisations such as the Aztec Empire and Maya civilization developed sophisticated farming systems. During colonial rule, large estates (haciendas) were established, focusing on crops such as maize, wheat and livestock. After independence in 1821 and especially following land reforms in the 20th century, agriculture became more widely distributed among smallholders and commercial farms.
Today, the primary sector remains important, although its share of GDP has declined as industry and services have grown. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries together contribute about 3–4% of Mexico’s GDP but still play a vital role in employment and rural livelihoods. Roughly 54% of Mexico’s land area is used for agricultural purposes.
Mexico is a major producer of maize, which is the country’s staple crop and central to its food culture. It is also one of the world’s leading producers of avocados, tomatoes, chillies and citrus fruits. Export-oriented agriculture has expanded significantly, particularly in fruits and vegetables supplied to international markets.
Livestock farming is also widespread, with cattle, poultry and pigs forming the backbone of the meat and dairy industries. Northern Mexico, with its extensive grasslands, supports large-scale cattle ranching.
Forests cover around 30% of Mexico’s territory, particularly in mountainous and tropical regions. Forestry supports timber production and local industries but faces challenges such as deforestation.
Mexico’s long coastlines make fisheries an important economic activity. Both the Pacific and Gulf coasts support commercial fishing, including shrimp, tuna and sardines. Aquaculture has also grown in recent decades.
Overall, Mexico’s primary sector reflects its geographical diversity. From subsistence maize farming in rural communities to export-oriented fruit production and coastal fisheries, agriculture, forestry and fishing continue to contribute to food security, employment and trade, even as the broader economy becomes increasingly industrialised.
Gerold was first time in Mexico in 1990, on a short trip with Klaudi from the USA to Ciudad Juarez (from El Paso). The second time Gerold flew to Yucatan (via Mexico City) with an excursion of the University of Kassel with agricultural students in 2000. The University had a cooperation with the University of Merida. Gerold really liked Yucatan. Were on the Hacienda Hobonil and saw many old Maya things. Was one of the most beautiful excursions.
In 2008 Gerold spent 7 days in Mexico: 5 days in Queretaro (at the IGA 2008) and 2 days in Mexico City passing through Guatemala and Costa Rica in hotels. Klaudia was with Edith in Mexico (California peninsula) in 2006.