Bhutan

Bhutan is a small, landlocked country in the eastern Himalayas, covering about 38,400 km². Its landscape is dominated by steep mountains and deep valleys shaped by the Himalayas. The country’s altitude ranges from subtropical lowlands in the south to alpine zones in the north, creating diverse climatic conditions that influence land use and agriculture.

Before modern state formation, Bhutan’s rural communities relied heavily on subsistence farming and livestock herding. Agriculture has remained central to livelihoods even as the country has gradually modernised.

Today, the primary sector contributes around 15–20% of GDP and employs a majority of the population. However, only about 3% of the land is suitable for cultivation due to mountainous terrain. Rice, maize and wheat are the main staple crops grown in terraced fields. Potatoes and vegetables are also important for both domestic use and export. Livestock farming plays a key role, especially in high-altitude areas. Cattle, yaks and poultry are raised for dairy products and meat.

Forests cover more than 70% of Bhutan’s territory, making forestry a significant environmental and economic resource.

Bhutan has no marine fisheries, but freshwater fishing occurs in rivers and lakes.

Overall, Bhutan’s primary sector reflects its mountainous geography: terrace farming in valleys, livestock herding in upland areas and extensive forest cover. Despite growth in hydropower and services, agriculture and forestry remain vital for rural livelihoods and food security.

In October 2012 Gerold went to Bhutan with Manfred Denich and Daniel Neuhoff to establish a cooperation project. With Sonam Thashi from the University of Bhutan, we drove 1100 km at 25 km/h through the 100 past countries via Thimphu, Jakar and Mongar. High mountains, nice people and a lot of subsistence. Very exciting tour on many farms, which are still very far behind. In the Tigers Nest, many Dzongs (town halls), shops been.