Iraq

Iraq is located in the Middle East and occupies a strategically important position between the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, and the Iranian Plateau. The country covers approximately 438,000 square kilometers and is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south, and Jordan and Syria to the west. Iraq's physical geography is characterized by four major regions: the mountainous zone in the north and northeast, the upland areas in the west and northwest, the extensive alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the center and south, and the western desert region. The Tigris and Euphrates are the country's most significant rivers, providing water resources that have supported human settlement and agricultural development for thousands of years. Much of Iraq experiences an arid to semi-arid climate, with hot, dry summers and relatively mild winters. Rainfall is concentrated in the northern highlands, while the southern and western regions receive very little precipitation.

Agriculture has historically played a central role in Iraq's economy and civilization. The fertile alluvial plains formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers created the foundation for some of the world's earliest agricultural societies in ancient Mesopotamia. Modern Iraqi agriculture relies heavily on irrigation because natural rainfall is insufficient for crop production across most of the country. Major crops include wheat, barley, rice, maize, dates, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. Date palm cultivation is particularly important, and Iraq has long been recognized as one of the world's traditional centers of date production. Livestock farming, including sheep, goats, cattle, and poultry, also contributes to agricultural output.

Despite its agricultural potential, Iraq faces several challenges, including water scarcity, soil salinization, desertification, and the impacts of climate change. Reduced river flows from upstream countries and inefficient irrigation practices have increased pressure on water resources. Consequently, improving water management, modernizing irrigation systems, and adopting sustainable farming techniques are key priorities for enhancing agricultural productivity and ensuring long-term food security in Iraq. Through the effective management of its natural resources, the country has the potential to strengthen its agricultural sector while supporting economic development and environmental sustainability.

Gerold visited Iraq for the first time in 2025. I spent a total of seven days in Baghdad, Babylon, Samarra and Fallujah. Much of the country was still in ruins after the war. Above all, the people were still traumatised. Corruption is the biggest obstacle to rebuilding the country. I was impressed by the young people who are so eager and hopeful to develop their country in freedom and justice. I doubt that they will succeed, but I don't say anything about it.